Transducer Extension

Transducer Extension

Signal Transduction Peptides

Definition
Signal transduction is a process in which a custom peptide transfers specific information from the outside of the target cell to exert a cellular response.

Discovery
Rensing L in 1972 described, Periodic geophysical and biological signals as exogenous inducers in animal organisms 1. Tonndorf J in 1975 explained signal transmission in the cochlear hair cell-nerve junction 2. Landmark discoveries in the field of signal transduction were made by Rodbell in 1980 where he described the role of hormone receptors and GTP-regulatory proteins in membrane transduction 3. Further discoveries provided new and provocative insight toward identifying potentially physiologically relevant steroid receptors capable of mediating nongenomic signaling, describing a novel family of high-affinity membrane steroid receptors with structure and signaling similar to GPCRs 4.

Structural Characteristics
Most signal transduction involves the binding of extracellular signaling molecules to cell-surface receptors and subsequently trigger events inside the cell. Peptide molecules involved in signal transduction functions as, hormones, growth factors, cytokines, neurotrophins etc 5,6,7. The glycoprotein signal transduction molecules are the most chemically complex family of the peptide hormones. Each of the glycoprotein hormones is an (a:ß) heterodimer, with the a-subunit being identical in all members of the family. The biological activity of the hormone is determined by the ß-subunit, which is not active in the absence of the a-subunit. The molecular weight of the gonadotropins (follicle stimulating hormone, FSH; luteinizing hormone, LH, and human chorionic gonadotropin, hCG) is about 25,000 Daltons, whereas that of the thyroid tropic hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is about 30,000. All members of the glycoprotein family transduce their intracellular effects via their respective receptors and the associated G-protein, adenylate cyclase, second-messenger systems. Adrenocorticotropic hormone is a 39 amino acid peptide derived by post-translational modification from a 241 amino acid precursor known as pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC). Glucagon is a 29-amino acid hormone synthesized by the a-cells of the islets of Langerhans as a very much larger proglucagon molecule. Novel Neurotrophin-1 (NNT-1) is found predominantly in lymph nodes and spleen, which contains 225 amino acids with a molecular mass of 22 kDa in its mature form.

Mode of Action
Upon binding of signaling peptides to the cell surface receptor, a signal is transduced to the interior of the cell, where second messengers and phosphorylated proteins generate appropriate metabolic responses. The main second messengers are cAMP, Ca2+, inositol triphosphate (IP3), and diacylglycerol (DAG). Proteins are phosphorylated on serine and threonine by cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and DAG-activated protein kinase C (PKC). Additionally a series of membrane-associated and intracellular tyrosine kinases phosphorylate specific tyrosine residues on target enzymes and other regulatory proteins. A second class of peptide induces the transduction of 2 second messengers, DAG and IP3. Hormone binding is followed by interaction with a stimulatory G-protein which is followed in turn by G-protein activation of membrane-localized phospholipase C-?, (PLC-?). PLC-? hydrolyzes phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to produce 2 messengers: IP3, which is soluble in the cytosol, and DAG, which remains in the membrane phase. Cytosolic IP3 binds to sites on the endoplasmic reticulum, opening Ca2+ channels and allowing stored Ca2+ to flood the cytosol. There it activates numerous enzymes, many by activating their calmodulin or calmodulin-like subunits. DAG has 2 roles: it binds and activates protein kinase C (PKC), and it opens Ca2+ channels in the plasma membrane, reinforcing the effect of IP3. Like PKA, PKC phosphorylates serine and threonine residues of many proteins, thus modulating their catalytic activity 8,9.

Functions
The normal function of a cell depends upon an intact signal regulation/termination system. If this system malfunctions, the host may experience pathophysiological consequences such as abnormal secretion, motility, growth, or even the development of cancer 3,8,9.

Glucose metabolism, the activated glycogen phosphorylase degrades carbohydrate stored as glycogen in the fat body cells. The glycolytic products of glycogen degradation serve as precursors for the synthesis of trehalose, the major insect blood sugar 10.

Lipogenesis, insulin stimulates lipogenesis, diminishes lipolysis, and increases amino acid transport into cells. Insulin also modulates transcription, altering the cell content of numerous mRNAs. It stimulates growth, DNA synthesis, and cell replication, effects that it holds in common with the IGFs and relaxin.

Gluconeogenesis, Glucagon also binds to receptors in adipose tissue resulting in increased activation of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL). In the liver the oxidation of fatty acids is necessary to provide the energy needed for gluconeogenesis which is activated in liver in response to glucagon.

In gut, there are more than 30 peptides currently identified as being expressed within the digestive tract, making the gut the largest endocrine organ in the body.

Cytokines, are secreted by specific cells of the immune system which carry signals locally between cells, and thus have an effect on other cells. They are a category of signaling molecules that are used extensively in cellular communication.

About the Author

Bio-Synthesis Inc. a leading provider for Custom Antibody, Custom Peptide Synthesis, Custom siRNA Synthesis, Organic Laboratory Technique, Antibiotic Peptides.

Hummingbird / CABLE, EC 6, TRANSDUCER EXTENSION / 720006-6 $33.37 Hummingbird - CABLE, EC 6, TRANSDUCER EXTENSION - 720006-6

Clipper 7m Depth Transducer Extension Cable $35.95 Clipper 7m Depth Transducer Extension Cable

Humminbird Ec 6 Transducer Extension Cable. Each $20.4 Manufacturer: Humminbird. Each. Customers also search for: Discount Ec 6 Transducer Extension Cable, Buy Ec 6 Transducer Extension Cable, Wholesale Ec 6 Transducer Extension Cable, 082324501302, 720006-6, GPS Cables

Garmin 10 Ft Extension Cable For Transducer. Each $33.72 Manufacturer: Garmin. Each. Customers also search for: Discount 10 Ft Extension Cable For Transducer, Buy 10 Ft Extension Cable For Transducer, Wholesale 10 Ft Extension Cable For Transducer, 753759052737, 010-10715-00, GPS Cables

Garmin 20 Ft Extension Cable Transducer. Each $48.37 Manufacturer: Garmin. Each. Customers also search for: Discount 20 Ft Extension Cable Transducer, Buy 20 Ft Extension Cable Transducer, Wholesale 20 Ft Extension Cable Transducer, 753759052720, 010-10716-00, GPS Cables

Humminbird Transducer Extension Cable $45.02 Transducer Extension CableThe Transducer Extension Cables extend the location of transducers up to 50 feet without affecting accuracy or performance. All cable end connectors are gold plated for corrosion resistance.Description: Transducer Extension Cable 10 ft. For Use With: 300TX 400TX Tour Series Wide Eye Wide View Wide Vision Wide 3D View Wide 3D Vision Wide 3D Vista Wide Optic Wide Portrait Wide Panorama Wide Paramount Wide 3D Paramount Matrix 10 Matrix 15 Matrix 17 Matrix 20 Matrix 25 Matrix 27 Matrix 35 Matrix 37 Matrix 55 Matrix 65 Matrix 67 Matrix 97 FF515 FF535 FF565 FF585c FF595c Piranha 1 Piranha 2 Piranha 3 Piranha 4 Piranha 5 PiranhaMax 10 PiranhaMax 15 PiranhaMax 20 323 343c 363 383c 727 737 767 777c 777c2 787c 787c2.Product : HUMMINBIRD ECW10 10FT TRANSDUCER EXTENSION CABLE Manufacturer : HUMMINBIRD PARTS Manufacturer Part No : 7200031 UPC : 082324502682

Raymarine Transducer Extension Cable 3m $126.34 Transducer Extension Cable 3mTransducer extension cable for DS400x DS500x DS600x and DSM25 (A65) fishfinders.3 meter extension cable extends the length of your stock transducer cable for extralong runs on larger vessels. Plugtogether connections for fast and easy installation. Note: For optimum performance Raymarine recommends adding no more than 3 extension cables to any given transducer cable.Product : RAYMARINE E66074 3ME XDUCER EXT F/ DS400/500/600 Manufacturer : RAYMARINE PARTS Manufacturer Part No : E66074 UPC : 723193660744

Garmin 10' Transducer Extension Cable $39.84 GARMIN 10FT EXTENSION CABLE FOR TRANSDUCERS W/ID10 ft. Extension cable for transducers, w/IDToo much distance between your transducer and fishfinder/sounder? Here's 10 feet of cable to bring them together.

RayMarine E66009 Raymarine Transducer Extension Cable (3m) $94.95 "Raymarine 3M Transducer Extension Cable, The Raymarine E66009 is a transducer extension cable which adds 3 meters of length to the stock transducer cable. The 3 meter transducer extension cable functions with the L755, L760, L770, L1250, L1260, and DSM compatible systems. E66009 Features: Transducer Extension Cable, Part Number: E66009, 3 Meter Length, Extends Length to Stock Transducer Cable, For Raymarine Models: L755, L760, L770, L1250, L1260 and DSM250 Compatible Systems"

Lowrance 10ExBlk Extension Cable for The Lss1 Transducer $73.64 Extension Cable For LSS1 TransducerFor use specifically with Lowrance s LSS1 Transducer. If the 20 transducer cable is not long enough the 10 extension cable is available. Product : LOWRANCE 10EXBLK EXTENSION CABLE FOR THE LSS1 TRANSDUCER. Manufacturer : LOWRANCE PARTS. Manufacturer Part No : 99006. UPC : 042194534794

Garmin 10 Transducer Extension Cable $50.8 10 ft. Extension cable for transducers, w/ID Too much distance between your transducer and fishfinder/sounder? Heres 10 feet of cable to bring them together.

Lowrance 10EX-BLK Extension Cable for LSS-1 Transducer $53.95 LOWRANCE 10EX-BLK EXTENSION CABLE FOR THE LSS-1 TRANSDUCERExtension Cable For LSS-1 TransducerFor use specifically with Lowrance's LSS-1 Transducer. If the 20' transducer cable is not long enough, the 10' extension cable is available.

RayMarine E66010 Raymarine Transducer Extension Cable (5m) $114.99 "Raymarine 5M Transducer Extension Cable, The Raymarine E66010 is a 5 meter transducer extension cable that broadens the length of your stock transducer cable and works with Raymarine L755, L760, L770, L1250 and L1260 sounders/ chartplotters system and DSM compatible systems. E66010 Features: Transducer Extension Cable, Part Number: E66010, 5 Meter Length, Extends Length to Stock Transducer Cable, For Raymarine Models: L755, L760, L770, L1250, L1260 and DSM Compatible Systems"

Lowrance 20 Transducer Extension Cable $63.81 XT20BL20 transducer extension cable.Works with: LCX110C LCX111C HD LCX17M LCX20C LCX25C LCX26C HD LMS332C LMS334C iGPS LMS337C DF LMS339C DF iGPS LMS480 X102C X107C DF X125 X126DF X135 X136DF X52 X59DFProduct : LOWRANCE XT20BL 20 TRANSDUCER EXTENTION CABLE Manufacturer : LOWRANCE PARTS Manufacturer Part No : 9994 UPC : 042194524245

RayMarine E66074 Raymarine Transducer Extension Cable, 3m $99.99 "Raymarine 3M Transducer Extension Cable, The Raymarine E66074 is a 3 meter transducer extension cable that extends the length of your stock transducer cable for extra-long runs on larger vessels. You can easily plug the connections together for fast and easy installation. The E66074 extension cable can be used with DS400x, DS500x, DS600x and DSM25 (A65) fishfinders. E66074 Features: Transducer Extension Cable, Part Number: E66074, 3 Meter Length, Extends Length to Stock Transducer Cable, For Raymarine Models: DS400x, DS500x, DS600x, DSM25 (A65) Fishfinders"

Hummingbird / Humminbird EC-W10 Transducer Extension Cable - 10' / 720003-1 $38.84 Hummingbird - Humminbird EC-W10 Transducer Extension Cable - 10' - 720003-1

Hummingbird / Humminbird EC-W30 Transducer Extension Cable - 30' / 720003-2 $42.4 Hummingbird - Humminbird EC-W30 Transducer Extension Cable - 30' - 720003-2

Garmin / Garmin 20' Extension Cable f/Transducer w/ID / 010-10716-00 $56.6 Garmin - Garmin 20' Extension Cable f/Transducer w/ID - 010-10716-00

Lowrance 99006 Lowrance 10EXBLK Extension Cable fLSS1 Transducer $73.64 Extension Cable For LSS1 TransducerFor use specifically with Lowrance s LSS1 Transducer. If the 20 transducer cable is not long enough the 10 extension cable is available.

Lowrance 15 Transducer Extension Cable $46.96 XT15U15 transducer extension cable. Includes power lead.Works with: Cuda 128 Cuda 168 Cuda 168 EX Cuda 240 S/GPS Cuda 242 Cuda 250 S/Map FishEasy 240 FishEasy 245 DS FishEasy 250 DS FishEasy 320 FishElite 480 FishElite 500C FishElite 502C iGPS FishElite 640C FishElite 642C iGPS FishMark 320 FishMark 480 FishMark 500C FishMark 640C FishStrike 1000C FishStrike 2000C M56 S/MAP M68C S/MAP SeaChamp 1000C DF SeaChamp 2000C DF SeaCharter 500C DF SeaCharter 502C DF iGPS SeaFinder 240DF SeaFinder 320DF SeaFinder 480DF SeaFinder 500C DF X47 X47EX X50 DS X67C X86 DS X96Product : LOWRANCE XT15U 15 TRANSDUCER EXTENSION CABLE W/ POWER LEAD Manufacturer : LOWRANCE PARTS Manufacturer Part No : 9991 UPC : 042194522913

Lowrance 99-91 15' Transducer Extension Cable $48.95 "Lowrance 15' Transducer Extension Cable, Product # 99-91 The Lowrance 99-91 is a 15' transducer extension cable and includes power lead. 99-91 Features: Transducer Extension Cable, 15' Cable Length, For Lowrance Models: Cuda: 128, 168, 168EX, 240 S/GPS, 242, 250 S/Map, FishEasy: 240, 245 DS, 250 DS, 320, FishElite: 480, 500C, 502C iGPS, 640C, 642C iGPS, FishMark: 320, 480, 500C, 640C, FishStrike: 1000C, 2000C, FishStrike: 1000C, 2000C, SeaChamp: 1000C DF, 2000C DF, SeaCharter: 500C DF, 502C DF iGPS, SeaFinder: 240DF, 320DF, 480DF, 500C DF, X47, X47EX, X-50 DS, X67C, X-86 DS, X96, M56 S/MAP, M68C S/MAP"

Humminbird 7200032 ECW30 30apos; Transducer Extension Cable $44.53 Transducer Extension Cable30 ft. cableThe Transducer Extension Cables extend the location of transducers up to 50 feet without affecting accuracy or performance. All cable end connectors are gold plated for corrosion resistance.For Use With: 300TX 400TX TOUR SERIES WIDE EYE WIDE VIEW WIDE VISION WIDE 3D VIEW WIDE 3D VISION WIDE 3D VISTA WIDE OPTIC WIDE PORTRAIT WIDE PANORAMA WIDE PARAMOUNT WIDE 3D PARAMOUNT ALL 500 SERIES FISHFINDERS ALL MATRIX AND ALL PIRANHA PRODUCTS ALL 500 SERIES ALL 300 SERIES ALL 700 SERIES ALL 900 SERIES.Product : HUMMINBIRD ECW30 30FT TRANSDUCER EXTENSION CABLE Manufacturer : HUMMINBIRD PARTS Manufacturer Part No : 7200032 UPC : 082324502699

Lowrance 9993 12apos; Transducer Extension Cable Blue $53.73 XT12BL12 transducer extension cable.Works with: LCX110C LCX111C HD LCX17M LCX20C LCX25C LCX26C HD LMS332C LMS334C iGPS LMS337C DF LMS339C DF iGPS LMS480 X102C X107C DF X125 X126DF X135 X136DF X52 X59DFProduct : LOWRANCE XT12BL 12 TRANSDUCER EXTENTION CABLE Manufacturer : LOWRANCE PARTS Manufacturer Part No : 9993 UPC : 042194524238

Humminbird EC-W30 Transducer Extension Cable - 30 $39.99 Transducer Extension Cable 30 ft. Cable The Transducer Extension Cables extend the location of transducers up to 50 feet without affecting accuracy or performance. All cable end connectors are gold plated for corrosion resistance. For Use With: 300TX, 400TX, TOUR SERIES, WIDE EYE, WIDE VIEW, WIDE VISION, WIDE 3D VIEW, WIDE 3D VISION, WIDE 3D VISTA, WIDE OPTIC, WIDE PORTRAIT, WIDE PANORAMA, WIDE PARAMOUNT, WIDE 3D PARAMOUNT, ALL 500 SERIES FISHFINDERS, ALL MATRIX AND ALL PIRANHA PRODUCTS, ALL 500 SERIES, ALL 300 SERIES, ALL 700 SERIES, ALL 900 SERIES.

Humminbird EC-W10 Transducer Extension Cable - 10 $34.99 Transducer Extension Cable The Transducer Extension Cables extend the location of transducers up to 50 feet without affecting accuracy or performance. All cable end connectors are gold plated for corrosion resistance. Description: Transducer Extension Cable, 10 ft. For Use With: 300TX, 400TX, Tour Series, Wide Eye, Wide View, Wide Vision, Wide 3D View, Wide 3D Vision, Wide 3D Vista, Wide Optic, Wide Portrait, Wide Panorama, Wide Paramount, Wide 3D Paramount, Matrix 10, Matrix 15, Matrix 17, Matrix 20, Matrix 25, Matrix 27, Matrix 35, Matrix 37, Matrix 55, Matrix 65, Matrix 67, Matrix 97, FF515, FF535, FF565, FF585c, FF595c, Piranha 1, Piranha 2, Piranha 3, Piranha 4, Piranha 5, PiranhaMax 10, PiranhaMax 15, PiranhaMax 20, 323, 343c, 363, 383c, 727, 737, 767, 777c, 777c2, 787c, 787c2.

Lowrance 99-93 12' Transducer Extension Cable $54.95 "Lowrance 12' Extension Cable, Product # 99-93 The Lowrance 99-93 is a XT-12BL 12' extension cable for use with the Lowrance marine equipments. 99-93 Features: Transducer Extension Cable, 12' Cable Length, For Lowrance Models: HDS: 10, 5, 5x, 7, 8, LCX: 110C, 111C HD, 112C, 113C HD, 17M, 20C, 25C, 26C HD, 27C, 28C HD, 37C, 38C HD, LMS: 332C, 334C iGPS, 335C DF, 337C DF, 339C DF iGPS, 480, 520C, 522C iGPS, 525C DF, 527C DF iGPS, X102C, X105C DF, X107C DF, X125, X126DF, X135, X136DF, X510C, X-510C, X515C DF, X-515C DF, X52, X59DF"

Humminbird Humminbird EC-W30 Transducer Extension Cable $24.99 30 ft 720003-2 Humminbird 300TX Humminbird 400TX Humminbird Tour Series Humminbird Wide Eye Humminbird Wide View Humminbird Wide Vision Humminbird Wide 3D View Humminbird Wide 3D Vision Humminbird Wide 3D Vista Humminbird Wide Optic Humminbird Wide Portrait Humminbird Wide Panorama Humminbird Wide Paramount Humminbird Wide 3D Paramount Humminbird all 500 Series Fishfinders Humminbird all Matrix and Piranha products Humminbird all 500 Series Humminbird all 300 Series Humminbird all 700 Series Humminbird all 900 Series Copper Data Transfer Cable Extension Cable Humminbird Humminbird EC-W30 Transducer Extension Cable Johnson Outdoors, Inc www.johnsonoutdoors.com

Lowrance 99-006 Lowrance 10EX-BLK Extension Cable f/The LSS-1 Transduc $64.95 "Lowrance 10EX-BLK Extension Cable f/ LSS-1 Transducer, Product # 99-006 The Lowrance 99-006 is a 10EX-BLK extension cable for the LSS-1 (StructureScan) transducer. 99-006 Features: Extension Cable, 10' Cable Length, For Lowrance Models: LSS-1 Transducer"

Transducer $70.1 High Quality Content by WIKIPEDIA articles A transducer is a device that converts one type of energy to another. The conversion can be to/from electrical, electromechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, photovoltaic, or any other form of energy. While the term transducer commonly implies use as a sensor/detector, any device which converts energy can be considered a transducer.Transducers may be categorized by application: Sensor, actuator, or combination.A sensor is used to detect a parameter in one form and report it in another form of energy (usually an electrical and/or digital signal). For example, a pressure sensor might detect pressure (a mechanical form of energy) and convert it to electricity for display at a remote gauge. Author: Surhone, Lambert M./ Timpledon, Miriam T./ Marseken, Susan F. Binding Type: Paperback Number of Pages: 94 Publication Date: 2010/07/22 Language: English Dimensions: 6.00 x 9.02 x 0.23 inches

531s - transducer $625.99 Garmin 531s - Transducer - included transducer - dual-beam

Lowrance 000-10263-001 15 FT Extension Cable For DSI Transducers $47.95 "Lowrance 15' Extension Cable For DSI Transducer Brand New, Product # 000-10263-001 The Lowrance 000-10263-001 is a 15' transducer extension cable for DSI transducers. 000-10263-001 Features: Transducer Extension Cable, 15' Cable Length, For Lowrance Models: FishMark: 5x DS, FishElite: 5 DSI, 5x DSI"

Clipper Wind Instrument W/Masthead Transducer Cover $515.46 The Clipper Wind system shares the same 110mm square case as its sister instruments in the Clipper range. the display is exceptionally large and clear with 60 segments for full 360 degree direction indication. Windspeed is shown in knots M.P.H. or Metres/second. The pointer style is selectable from the single segment shown above to multi segments for greater clarity or a windex style indicator. The Masthead unit is well proven and supplied with 20 metres of cable as standard.Technical Specifications:. Supply voltage Nominal 12v DC. Consumption 50mA+ (25mA for display illumination max). Keypad adjustment of masthead alignment. 7 levels of display backlighting. Display case size 110 x 110 mm. Depth behind panel 30mm. Anemometer head 210 x 140mm. 5 and 20 metre extension cables available. Compatible with Standard Horizon CP180 and CP300 plotters. Product : CLIPPER WIND INSTRUMENT WITH MASTHEAD TRANSDUCER COVER. Manufacturer : CLIPPER. Manufacturer Part No : CLW

Dean Markley Artist Transducer $32.95 Dean Markley Artist Transducer

Garmin (010-10327-00) Transducer 0101032700 $87.15 Garmin (010-10327-00) Transducer 0101032700

Garmin (010-10218-00) Transducer 0101021800 $97.24 Garmin (010-10218-00) Transducer 0101021800

Transducer, 200/50khz 15/45deg, $74.99 TRANSDUCER, 200/50KHZ 15/45DEG,

Transducer, Shs 7w $69.99 TRANSDUCER, SHS 7W

GARMIN 0101071600 20Ft Extension Cable for Transducers with ID $67.46 A 20 ft extension cable for use with transducers that have a Garmin 6pin plug on the end of the cable. Use this cable if the cable supplied with the transducer is not long enough to reach your display or sounder. Airmar recommends that the total extended length of the transducer cable should not exceed 20 metres.